Overview...

What started as an awareness raising and ethnographic styled walk through Sierra Leone, this site now details the encounters of a not so academic academic who spends more time occupying Wall Street and squats than a university...
Showing posts with label Protest. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Protest. Show all posts

Sunday, February 7, 2016

Klinika Attacked by Neo-Nazis

Following a day of protests in Prague both for an against migration in Europe, the autonomous social center Klinika came under attack last night. During the days demonstrations, a legal permitted march against “fortress Europe” organized in cooperation with Klinika's collective came under attack more than twenty fascists and neo-nazis. They came from behind the march as it turned a corner attempting to cut it in half. As the peacefully protestors in the march turned to protect themselves from the fascists, an overwhelmed group of police offers intervened to stand between the two groups. The neo-nazis began throwing whatever they could find at the marchers; eventually rocks, sticks, and small explosive devices. The marches defended themselves by returning the projectiles and eventually the much larger numbers of the march intimidated the attackers into retreat as they turned and ran away.

This group had been antagonizing people throughout Prague earlier in the day. I personally saw the same group earlier that day on public transport as I went to the rally. They were very aggressive with riders, including accosting one young women – trying to get her to come with them. She quickly left the train, visibly shaken, upon which one of them – previously speaking Czech – claimed she was a good “Deutsches Mensch.” I got off at the same stop as them and while we went different ways, me towards the beginning of our march, they went in a direction that would put them exactly where they attacked the march from.

Upon completion of the march – which included continuous antagonism from nationalist elements, and a few more radical characters – people made their way back to Klinika at differing speeds. When I arrived, there was a small group of people there that had just learned that the Nazis were coming to attack Klinika. We prepared as best we could but quickly came under attack. We pepper sprayed them which kept them outside long enough for us to lock and barricade the door. At this point they started throwing rocks at the windows, shattering the old medical clinics windows with ease. As we attempted to barricade the windows, glass and debris flew everywhere. One member of the Klinika collective was hit, opening a gash on his forehead. The rocks were followed by a lit flare sending sparks and fire all over, but it got caught in the shards of the multi-paned glass still jaggedly protruding from the window. We quickly put this out as the rocks stopped flying.

At this point, things calmed down for a few seconds and we were all able to check on others throughout the building. However, the calm quickly ended as one collective member yelled fire! Several of us ran into the hallway where the smoke was coming from and found thick smoke throughout the entire atrium the entire downstairs cafe area was full of smoke with flames leaping from the window at the entrance. They had apparently broken the windows there in the same fashion as upstairs and thrown another incendiary devise in which lit the drapes on fire. We were still able to put it out without much permanent damage to anything but the windows and furniture.

This attack though, was a brazen and coordinated attack on an autonomous social and community center in the heart of Prague that offers a free non-commoditized space for people of all ages and persuasions to take free language lessons, have a quite beer, take their kids to nursery school, attend free lectures, and even attend meditation classes. However, the center has also been a hub for aid and relief for migrants, and therefore a target within the migrant crisis gripping all of Europe. The center acted as a staging area for relief goods going east and south for newly arriving refugees from the war torn areas of the middle east and central Asia. Given the days protest event against migration in Europe, the escalating anti-muslim rhetoric and political climate it foments, it could easily be said to be the rationale for the attack – if there ever could be a rationale for such an irrational act of violence; or better put, terrorism. For that is what this was, definitionally, an act of terrorism. This group of fascists attacked an innocent group of people providing a safe space for the community and aid for those in need.

Whether you agree with Klinika's politics or not, with migration or not, there is – and can be no – justification for the same type of terrorist attack that these fascists and their nationalist brethren portend to be against. If you hate Muslim people because .000001% are engaged in radical politics and use violence in an attempt to get their way, then how is anyone to condone the same thing within our own midst? Again, whether you agree with Klinika's politics or not, if this is a democracy and everyone is entitled to their political beliefs, then you have to respect Klinika's political efforts and condemn this brazen act of violence against peaceful protestors and an autonomous community center simply trying to help people. It is in peace that Klinika exists, and here now – as 400 plus people come to show solidarity – that Klinika survives and excels in defiance of violence and terrorism.       

Friday, August 3, 2012

So what am I gonna do?


I came down to new york city to make a difference.  It has been almost a year now and that difference looked to be happening.  But I am afraid that that has been temporarily derailed.  Actually, sabotaged might be a better word.  Yes, that may sound a bit conspirecyesque, but yeah, if its sabotaged by people or sabotaged by the system, either way – or both – its still sabotage. And that is what I think has happened.  I have written about the media coverage and the collusion with the police in MetroOccupied ("In the News: Law and Disorder").  It is so obvious to those of us on the ground that there has been such a blatant attempt by the authorities to suppress the Occupy movement, and its been detailed in the report Suppressing Protest: Human Rights Violations in the U.S. Response to Occupy Wall Street by the NYU and Fordham Law Schools.  But the point of what I am trying to say is that we have been trying to address systemic issues and bring about broad change on large scale levels and have been completely stonewalled.  The media, the police, the governement, the courts.  Protest has been fully supresed in the US over the last year as I've seen it.  This is incredibly disheartening.  But so is life.

The point is though that this is a long term project. By that I mean forever. I will always be an Occupier, and I will take that to my grave. Talk of Occupy being dead is completely erronious. Occupy can't be dead as long as I'm here and I'm alive. For no mater what it is, it is me, it is all the people that came down and stayed in the park, that worked in the working groups, that marched on the streets, that wrote on the web, or even felt emotionally engaged for a few minutes - warm inside for a moment at the effort.

So what do I do between now and forever?  I have to find a way to move life forward and work on and embody the principles and issues of Occupy!  That brings me to today.  How do I do that?  I have to find a way to make a life, a career, and a way forward.  Things right now are tough though.  I have no income and I have no housing in one month.  I had a great set up just a week or two ago.  I had a prospective apartment, several jobs on line.  And now that has all changed.  Not to mention a relationship that was pretty special to me ending.  So for now, I've got little to work with, and I just spent three years doing the same crap.  Why can't it work out?  I just want to work on something that matters, that changes things.  But it isn't happening...  yet.

Tuesday, May 29, 2012

night and day.

So today was a very interesting day in a lot of ways again, as have the last couple been.  I've been working non-stop now that I'm nannying and have some really exciting projects I'm getting into.  Yesterday was the epitome.  Nannying all day and then getting in the door and to work.  Dealing with everything from early child development, to rape in the military, to a piece I wrote for the metroOccupied newspaper, to Women in Sierra Leone, to Sustaining Occupy's future, etc.  So much to do and getting pretty tired.  Haven't been able to run at all really, but I guess walking everywhere with the little'n counts for something.  Not to mention that it was sweltering hot today.

Anyway, so there are two things of interest today:  One, I taught the little'n a new word it seems.  So on my phone I have pictures of a baby duck and chicken that were incubated here and were living in the bathtub.  She asks to see them almost every time I take out my phone.  Now of course in between the two sets of pictures I have of them are a bunch of pictures protesting in times square and against police violence in the Bronx.  She asked "what is that" when I first showed them to her and had to cycle through the protesting pics.  "oh, that's protesting".  She never really said anything, but each time would just say, "protesting" as we went from one set of duck and chick to the next.  Until today!  We were getting ready to go out and she says: "aren't we going to protesting?" I laugh of course and she then proceeds to say it over and over and over again every time we get ready to leave the house!!  I couldn't stop laughing!!  Best thing though... I told mom, and mom is all for it!!  sweet!!

Of course the second juxtaposition today was running from my nannying gig to an event in a home with a picture of the owner shaking hands with Obama at some swanky soiree with more fancy cheeses than I could eat in a week - and I can eat a lot!  It was a book launch that involved a legal organization that I am now close to a few people at.  I mean, it was the type of day that throws the contradictions in your life in so many directions.  On the subway ride I'm working on women's education in Sierra Leone, then I'm in Bed-Stuy as a white male nanny looking after a small white girl in a predominantly black neighborhood.  I of course have just broken back above the two digit dollar amount for cash on hand and am completely broke.  Yet, then there I am standing next to people that stand next to the president, in a building that looks like it, and with cheese that smells like it.

To go from such poverty and segregation, to such prosperity and privilege in a matter of a few minutes is so odd.  I mean, who am I when I'm in Bed-Stuy?  And then who am I when I'm in that room.  I'm both poor and I'm rich.  I will never be able to fit in.  In my mind and my upbringing I am always privileged, and it has nothing to do with money and such, it is about where I grew up, who I am, and the color of my skin.  I am a white suburban guy that expects to be listened to, and is used to being heard.  I go to African-American neighborhoods, I pledge in an African-American fraternity, I even if I have no money at all, I am still privileged without wanting to know it.  And this is right, and I can FEEL it.  I always believe.  This is the one thing that I don't feel from many people I talk to in marginalized communities, they don't believe, they don't trust in the future.  I don't mean this to beat them down, but they have been shit on for years and don't necessarily believe that is going to change for the most part - they hope maybe, but to believe in your core is different.  In my soul I know I'll be ok.  I believe I will make a difference in the world, I believe that I will find a way through, that I will make it work.  I am educated, I am experienced, I have talents, I will be fine.  The way I grew up gave me this belief.  So many others didn't have this luxury.  They are intelligent, experienced, have talents, but they get stopped and frisked every day, they passed over for jobs, end up in substandard schools, and are more readily institutionally pushed into jails and homes.  I felt this conflict today as I switched back and forth between my lives.       

Friday, May 11, 2012

MAY DAY!!

MAY DAY!!!  What a great day!  This post may take a while or a few because of simply how dense the day was with stuff!

6am the alarm went of and of course it was pissing buckets outside.  I will be the first one to say that I immediately thought, sh*t, this is gonna suck!  But I've gotta suck it up and get it done!  So I dragged - literally - dragged myself out of bed and got some things moving forward.  We got to Bryant Park for 8.  Yes, believe it or not, I even think I was a couple minutes early.  There were several hundred people there already - which is saying a lot in OWS land!

We all milled around for a bit, catching up, talking to people about their plans and thoughts for the day.  that didn't last long though as we started organizing for the morning's pickets.  We had a whole list of different locations and companies for Occupy and the coalition to picket.  Our affinity group (details to follow) ended up "bottom lining" the Citigroup picket up at their headquarters on Park Ave.  We headed out at about 8:30, marching, chanting, and even a bit of dancing.

Our affinity group was made up of two groups of Occupiers that have a lot of overlapping members.  The Think Tank and the Occupy Town Square crew.  Th purpose of an affinity group for a day like this is really about safety.  Obviously everyone hears loads about police brutality and violence at Occupy events.  So most people in Occupy were trying to get together with similar minded people that had similar tolerances for  safety and risk.  Our affinity group was made up mostly of intellectual types not so keen on police run-ins.  It actually worked fabulously.  We set things up before hand to have a celly service that we were all connected on by phone.  When one person wrote something, everyone on the list received it.  It allowed us all to stay informed and connected on where we all were and what we were doing.  We all had "buddy's" that we were responsible for and contact info should something happen.  Sad I must say that so much safety precautions must go into a day of free speech and protesting.

But anyway, back to the day of.  Or maybe we should start this part with the day prior when a small group of our affinity group got together and made "puppets" for the march. 


The obvious point was that a heart plus a brain were much greater than money!  We carried them around with us all day! Including the trip up to Citigroup.

The Citigroup picket was another part of the #99 pickets that I've written about before and came with some pretty good chants and information.  Citigroup received a 2 million dollar payout from NYC to add jobs, yet their NYC workforce has shrunk by 67% since.  The company also made 10 billion dollars in profits last year, yet has paid no real taxes in over three years.  Yeah, it's funny, even the cops "monitoring" us were smirking and looking befuddled.  I'm sure they pay their taxes.  The most interesting part of the picket though was just about at the end when some thread bare business guy in a suit started shouting - very angrily -  that we should all just get a job and give it up already!  We of course hear this ignorant rant all the time - as if the amount of 'lazy' people in America just doubled in 2008 overnight.  So I clicked into "lets debate trash talkin football player protestor mode" and went and gave him the business: 
"We all actually have jobs.  I have two right now, some of us three."
"So go to work and stop complaining. It's 10 o'clock in the morning "
"Not everyone works a 9-5 Monday thru Friday!" 

"So get a job at Duane Reed," veins popping out of his seemingly uncomprehending head.
"Why do I need another shitty minimum wage job, when I've already got one?"
"Go to school then, learn something!"
"I already have almost two masters degrees!"
"Well go get a job at Duane Reed then!" He fumbled out, subconsciously conceding that he was really at a loss in this one.

He really didn't know what he was talking about or what to say.  He was too emotional and angry.  People like this baffle me.  They are so full of anger and disgust.  It's almost as if because they think that because they are working and absolutely miserable that everyone else should just accept that working is miserable and do what he does.  It's as if he never stopped to think that perhaps another world is possible.  That maybe if he stopped wasting his free time distracting himself from how unhappy he was and instead spoke up about it, that it might change!  And yes, I'm speculating completely and to a fault!  But the body language and true anger was something we've seen so much before.  People that lash out, angry at their situations, but unable to come to terms with it, to understand and place the sources of their anger.  So they lash out at "dirty hippies" in a park or whatever else the vilified are labeled as. 

-Break-

So it's now August and I'm jsut gonna give this a quick sumation (hopefully).

From Citigroup we headed back to Bryant park, I lost the crew though as a woman that saw me get after the business guy wanted an interview.  We missed paths as they apparently stopped to disrupt traffic at some point.  But yeah, We got back to the park and started a think tank.  I can't remember what it was on right now.  I left early to get invovled in the immigrant workers justice working group tour of the biggest restaurant worker expropirators.  It was amazing, the whole sidewalk by the capital grill was shut down hundreds of people on both sides.  Then on to Chipotle.  Was incredible.

We ended up back in Bryant park again and then down to Union Square with the "Gituarmy" carrying our puppets.  I'm not big on this kind of stuff, but ended up getting in on the puppet action as its a long walk and arms get tired.  There were all sorts of estimates of people on the day and with this march, but by a couple blocks south of Bryant park the march took the whole Avenue.  Thousands of people.  We ended up down at Union Square where we were joined by the unions.  They had an event going on with speakers and we all just milled about.  As the evening went on their was a planned march downtown to Battery park.  I just remember being at Canal street and hearing that people were still in Union Square and hadn't left yet, while the front of the march was almost downtown.  We got down to the Wall st. area and hour after the speaches happened.  There was an estimate of 100,000 people there that I heard.  Probably generous, but there were a lot of people and it couldn't have been much less. 

From there we spilled into some park down on the other side of the ferry terminal from battery park and had a giant general assembly.  The park closed at ten and there was discussion of staying and trying to "take it", of course the huge police presence seemed to dissuade a lot of people.  Most marched out around ten into the zigg-zags of lower Manhattan.  Tthere was a lot of police violence reported, but I mostly steered clear.

All in all, it was months ago now, so I'm not giving you much to work with here.  Just trying to get posted what I had.  But bottom line was that it was an incredible day.  Unprecedented in its collaboration of unions, NGOs, Occupiers and citizens.  Even if it didn't achieve the absurd goal of a general strike (duh).  Tens of thousands of people in the streets, yet virtually NO media coverage.  The NY Times coverage was actually so obviously comical as to convince me of the media/powers that be conspiracy once and for all.  Buried on page A29 or something they talk of 35 occupy arrests and snarled traffic and mentioned a few hundred people and nothing else.  I've written about it somewhere, I'll try to find it and get it up here.  Sorry, this is so late, so poor, and with no analysis, but so is life right now!!







Wednesday, April 25, 2012

A day in the life.

So yesterday was a mesmerizing day.  I woke to sunshine and hope.  It was followed by a bit of love, a little annoyance and domestic despair, even a touch of hopelessness.  Then I rushed off to work.  But this wasn't a day of ordinary work.  I was paid to be at a protest rally.  I was paid to hand out political theater on the sidewalk.  I was paid to keep people within the confines of a march, to marshal a protest (i.e. to keep it within the legal parameters of public protest while yet protesting against the illegality of so much of our society).  I must admit that I struggled the night before with the idea of being paid to exercise my freedom of political expression.  But I seemed to easily get past it once we got to Trump Tower and were getting set up.  I was excited. 

I was going to be handing out envelopes with "more money than GE, Verizon, Bank of America, etc. had paid in taxes in the last three years", (one penny inside) and then engaging in conversation about it all with passers-by.  It was great.  But I tell you what, midtown (and 5th ave of course) was a nightmare for sympahty.  Tourists, rich people, businessy types, and an occasional blue collar delivery or tech service type guy.  We did this for a while and then went to down to near Rockefeller center and eventually Bryant park.  Actually it was across the street from the park and Bank of America, right in front of the NFL store!  Which I didn't know existed!  But I'll get back to that in a sec.  So we just waited and waited and waited for things to get organized.  But I just stayed on the corner and handed out my envelopes.  It was so much more fun than just milling about.  I love this kind of stuff.  Flyering is great.  Engaging with real people, about real issues.  Most want to have nothing to do with you, some take it or keep walking while you get your qhick last second hook in.  The business types seem to be the worst, so arrogant.  They don't need your "money" and they certainly don't have anything to "learn" from you is the vibe thy give off.  Hell, why don't they at least stop and teach me something??  No time, no interest, more important things. 

There were some amazing moments though, people who just look at you in amazement at what they've just learned.  People that have no clue of any of this stuff.  It was also interesting in thinking about the people that I approached as well.  The only methodological selection I tried to do was to weed out foreigners.  Otherwise, it was as random as people that weren't on the phone, or obviously rushing.  Suits, sweats, jeans, men, woman, whatever.  But you could see some people when you offer them "money" stop and look like they could desperately use it.  I felt bad sometimes knowing that there really was only a penny in there.  But I think that was the point.  They needed money, they were paying their taxes, and these big businesses had a net tax burden below zero.  They were getting money back.  That's a tough pill for many to swallow.

Anyway, it was an interesting day of that.  But at one point kind of surreal.  Anyone that knows me, knows that I come from a place and history so completely mired by a passion for football and all things related.  One person walking on the sidewalk - unbeknownst to me of course - worked in the NFL retail store there.  I of course tried to give him an envelope and finish the story as he ducked into the store.  I didn't follow him, but tried to finish it from the entrance until he turned around and stood next to the security guard and told me to stop.  He was so rude.  To him I'm sure all I was was just another dirty protestor messing up his day, little does he know how much of my heart has been poured into football and the NFL.  I worked for years with the NFL in Europe with player development, junior national teams, marketing and business development.  Coaching and developing young prospects and sending players to their elite camps, developing the game, playing there.  I played Division I football, and even pushed the game a bit in China and Sierra Leone of all places.  So much of my soul has been spilled on football.  I stood there in silent disbelief, I froze speachless.  He obviously took my hesitation and blank stare as an affront as I looked down at my feet in a daze and saw my one big toe lightly touching the door frame.  I wasn't allowed in the store.  Obviously, they don't want our political theater there, but it was so surreal to me as the two passions I've followed in life came so resoundingly crashing into each other.  I am an activist now.  And the NFL is just another giant corporate entity - granted, one that runs its league along egalitarian socialist terms!  It was tough for some reason to feel that though, to be hurt by it, and to wake up this morning with it in my head.  Odd, yet kind of painful all the same. 

Fact is the whole day ended with a lot of oddities.  Marching for money and organizing for money with an organization is so different.  I go back to the whole horizontalism versus hierarchical structures for getting things done discussion.  The organization of the march was actually kind of poor during it.  They had three groups of marshals, one in the front, one in the middle, and one in the back.  Nothing in between keeping everyone together or on the right path, just clumps.  I took initiative at one point and stopped at a spot where there was construction dividing people and tried to keep them together.  I later approached my "leader" about it and he resoundingly shut down any thought of such preemptive initiative.  We were to stay together and do as he said, which put probably 15 marshals just walking together and occasionally providing a human shield for speakers (which could have been done by half of us).  It was amazing to see this concept of oversight and a lack of faith in individual personal capacity.  At occupy, people just step in and make things happen they see need to be done.  Who needs designated people to keep crowds off speakers when you can just ask people from the audience to do it on the spot?  Free will, personal agency, all hierarchyed out of they equation.  I so much prefer the occupy method, and for the first time REALLY saw what people mean when they say Occupy is a "leaderfull" movement rather than a "leaderless" movement.  Given agency and purpose I believe people will step up, feel empowered to act, and act in an intuitive communal way.   I believe Occupy shows this.

As it was, there was not a big Occupy presence there at this rally though.  I was under the impression they would be meeting up with us today.  But it didn't happen.  Not that their weren't occupier's there, but it was not a huge presence.  Maybe they were all still down on Wall St getting mistreated...

Anyway, the rest of the day went as it does.  Some good comradery and catching up with occupiers and others as the "work" and the march wound down.  But then of course there was more domestic uncertainty and dismay as the evening went on.  Life is a struggle right now.  As was yesterday.  I felt at home - to my core - acting within my own personal agency, activating other people, reaching out to them, engaging, and then just stepping in and filling unforeseen gaps in the event.  But sadly, as much as I felt at home and felt like I TRULY made a difference yesterday, I stand a very good chance of losing my job today.  It doesn't matter what I can do on a street corner with the issues, or step up at an event and make things happen, it is only about how much money I can make for them.  And yeah, it probably doesn't help that in filing in holes in the event, I was not following "orders" appropriately.  Who knows how much that will matter.  Some seemed to see the value of that, others seemed more concerned with their own power maintanence - a product of their adherence to and belief in hierarchy perhaps.  But so be it.  I felt good about things, even if I don't feel good about my prospects in this type of life per say.  Wholly capable, yet wholly in capable it seems.  


   

Monday, March 5, 2012

Fire Ray Kelly!!

So I spent Saturday afternoon protesting in front of an event where Fordham Law School was honoring Ray Kelly, the commissioner of the NY city police department.  He over sees a police department that has been rampant in its excessive use of force on every thing from peaceful Occupy protests, to the long term daily life  of everyone living in minority communities through the city.  The event was organized by Muslim groups,  students at Fordham, and buttressed by the Occupy movement, following a string of anti Muslim policies came about (spying on muslim student groups, and anti Muslim training video, etc.).  There are also countless other policies causing harm to individuals and their communities such as Stop and frisk (where a police officer can approach anyone and stop them and pat them down for illegal substances, firearms, whatever), and even murder (see below).



Kelly oversees what I call the NYMD (New York Military Department).  A thriving military detachment run by Kelly and Mayor Bloomberg, seemingly at their will and for their purposes.  Maybe in time some of the issues will be covered, but I won't bury this post in details.  I will tell one story though that illuminated a lot for me.  On December 17th at Duarte square there was an action.  I was standing on the sidewalk, the police on the sidewalk kept telling us to get back.  The police in the street had told us to get on the sidewalk (mind you being in the street is illegal, sidewalk not).  It is also worth saying that I watched a younger guy get beaten by three cops on November 15th, the night of the eviction from liberty square, for pacively standing one step in the smallest of side streets.

So here I was, push pull.  I end up on the curb balancing precariously on my toes, while pointing out the hypocrisy of the officer in front of me.  So she shoves me, benchpress style, right off the curb onto my backside in the street.  I'm amazed.  My mom is there protesting.  She's appalled.  The emotions of it all, the complete disinterest of officers and others around.  The closeness of it all.  It was a truly memorable moment for me, and one that effected me tremendously.  BUT!!!!!  That was not the learning lesson.  The learning lesson came when I spoke to my African-American friends from the Bronx, Brooklyn, Newark, wherever.  And to a person they all said: "So!?  Welcome to our world.  That stuff happens everyday to us, and has for our whole lives.  Just another day of being black in America.  Police brutality."

This to me was the most amazing. That there was absolutely no sympathy.  None was deserved.  We live in a Police state.  A place where the police block off a sidewalk so wealthy people can have free entrance to their fundraiser, but a protester has to get a permit to protest about having to get permits to protest.  Freedom of speech?  What?  A homeless man is pushed off every sidewalk, and a park full of protestors is forcefully cleared under shamefully erroneous pretenses (I never saw a rat or roach at liberty square, but I see them in the subway everyday).  There is only one phrase that comes to mind when I think of the NYPD: abuse of power.  That is the cornerstone of current day policing tactics.  Above the law and around the law, so long as you get the "perp."  Abhorrent.  And Ray Kelly is the one that over sees it all, in the biggest city in the country.  So Saturday, I chanted:


Hey Hey, Ho Ho,
Ray-cist Kelly has got to go!!

Back Up Back Up,
We Want Freedom Freedom
These dirty spying cops
We don't need 'em need 'em!!

Kelly spies,
Bloomberg lies.

Hey Kelly?!
How many kids did you surveil today?
Hey Kelly?!
How many kids did you frisk today?
Hey Kelly?!
How many kids did you kill today?  (yes, Ramarly Graham, an unarmed 18 year old kid, was shot and killed by NYPD in his own bathroom.)